Ma`rifat Adyan

The Swaminarayan movement, established by Swaminarayan in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, is one of the most significant Hindu movements, attracting millions of followers globally. Renowned for its architectural marvels, vibrant cultural festivals, and extensive social activities, the movement's influence extends across India and into countries such as the United States, Australia, and the UAE. The Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS), the movement’s most prominent organization, has played a critical role in managing temples, cultural centers, schools, and in organizing humanitarian efforts like disaster relief and poverty alleviation. Despite its widespread acclaim and international reach, the Swaminarayan movement has faced various criticisms, particularly regarding its interpretation of Hindu teachings and its political associations. This article critically examines the religious, social, and political dimensions of the Swaminarayan movement. It scrutinizes the allegations of divergence from traditional Vedic principles, the accumulation of wealth by religious leaders, and the perceived manipulation of religious authority. Additionally, the movement's close ties with British colonial powers are explored, emphasizing how colonial support may have facilitated the movement’s growth and legitimacy during a time of intense political and social transformation in India. While the Swaminarayan movement is often viewed as purely religious, this study reveals its complex relationship with colonial political structures and the implications of this connection on its global expansion. By focusing on the political underpinnings of the Swaminarayan movement, this research sheds light on a relatively understudied aspect of its history. The analysis highlights how colonial support provided the movement with strategic advantages, aiding its expansion within and beyond India. Furthermore, this article critiques the role of the BAPS organization in perpetuating the movement's influence in the modern world, while also addressing the criticisms related to its doctrinal interpretations and organizational practices. Using a qualitative, descriptive-analytical methodology, this study draws upon historical sources and field observations to offer a comprehensive critique of the Swaminarayan movement’s religious teachings, its socio-political engagement, and its global outreach.