Ma`rifat Adyan

Every book that claims to be celestial also insists on being divine and infallible. The divine books of Muslims and Jews, namely the Quran and the Old Testament, also claim to be divine and infallible. This article has examined this claim using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative study of the miraculous aspects of the Quran and the characteristics of the Old Testament. This article argues by proposing "three rational steps" to prove a miracle (news of the unseen, lack of differences, and illiteracy of the bringer) that these three criteria are the basis that the Quran itself has specified and that reason also confirms. Attaching the characteristic of illiteracy to other aspects of a miracle makes them beyond human ability in the first place and makes the claim of a narration like the Quran impossible, even in imagination. In contrast, the Old Testament lacks such features. Not only does it not claim to be a miracle or seeking companionship, but its examination based on the same three steps (including definitive news of the unseen, no differences, and the illiteracy of the bringer) shows that this book does not meet the necessary conditions for being a miracle. The existence of contradictions and the book's own assertion of distortion refute any claim of its infallibility and miracles.