Copyright and Licensing

This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
All journal papers are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

Authors have copyright but license exclusive rights in their article to the publisher*.
Authors have the right to:

• Share their article according to the "Personal Use rights"** so long as it contains the end user license and the DOI link to the version of record in this journal.
• Retain intellectual property rights (including research data).
• Proper attribution and credit for the published work.

* This includes the right to make and authorize commercial use.
** Personal use rights

Authors can use their articles, in full or in part, for scholarly, non-commercial purposes such as:

• Use by an author in the author’s classroom teaching (including distribution of copies, paper or electronic)
• Distribution of copies (including through e-mail) to known research colleagues for their personal use (but not for Commercial Use)
• Inclusion in a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially)
• Use in a subsequent compilation of the author’s works
• Extending the Article to book-length form
• Preparation of other derivative works (but not for Commercial Use)
• Otherwise using or re-using portions or excerpts in other works
   

Digital Archiving Policy

Website Archiving : The articles published in the journal are archived in two ways: the PDF version of all the articles is online and available to readers of the journal's website. The backup copy of the articles is kept on the computer of the journal office.

Digital Archiving : The primary information and abstracts of articles published in Defense Economics and Sustainable Development are indexed in several databases. Also, in addition to the original information, the PDF version of all the articles is archived in noor mags & magiran.

Self-Archiving : Authors may archive the final published version of their articles in personal or institutional repositories immediately after publicatio

Plagiarism Policy

To prevent plagiarism, this journal uses the samimnoor system as similarity checker tool for manuscripts. If the similarity index is more than the limit set by the editorial board of the journal the manuscript along with a similarity report will be returned to the authors. 

Policy on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (Generative AI)

1. Principles and Purpose

Given the rapid development of generative AI tools (such as ChatGPT, Bard, and similar technologies) and the resulting challenges and opportunities in academic publishing, this policy is formulated to enhance transparency, provide guidance to authors, reviewers, and editors, and uphold the integrity of the publication process. It is based on internationally recognized recommendations, including those from WAME and STM.

2. Authors: Responsibilities and Guidelines

2-1. Authorship: Generative AI tools can never be designated as authors or co-authors of a manuscript. Responsibility and accountability for the content of the manuscript rest solely with human authors.

2-2. Permitted and Responsible Use: The use of generative AI tools is permitted only in the following cases, provided that all provisions of this policy are strictly observed:

• Editing and improving language, grammar, and writing style.
• Translating texts into other languages.
• Assisting with the initial collection of sources and organization of the subject literature (subject to compliance with section 2-4).

2-3. Prohibited Uses: The following applications are strictly prohibited due to their conflict with ethical and scientific principles:

• Generating or rewriting substantial parts or the entire text of the manuscript in a way that substitutes the author's own thinking and analysis.
• Generating or altering images, figures, tables, and other submitted visuals, unless this is explicitly part of the research methodology (e.g., in data processing) and is clearly reported as such.
• Generating, fabricating, or manipulating research data and results.

2-4. Accuracy of Content and Plagiarism: Authors bear full responsibility for the accuracy, scientific originality, and freedom from plagiarism of all manuscript content, including any parts prepared with the assistance of AI tools. They must meticulously verify the accuracy of all citations and references provided by AI tools, as these references may be inaccurate or fabricated.

2-5. Confidentiality: Authors must not upload the full manuscript text or sensitive data to public generative AI tools, as these tools may retain the information for future responses, thereby potentially compromising the confidentiality of the work.

2-6. Declaration: The use of any generative AI tool in the preparation of a manuscript must be explicitly declared. This declaration should be placed at the end of the manuscript, before the reference list, under the heading "Declaration of Generative AI Use." It must include the following:

• The precise name of the AI tool used.
• The purpose and manner of its use.
• The type of oversight and control exercised by the author.

Suggested format for the AI use declaration:

"During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used [NAME OF TOOL] for the purpose of [REASON FOR USE, e.g., improving the English language]. After using this tool, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the final content."

3. Reviewers and Editors: Guidelines and Responsibilities

Based on WAME recommendations, the use of generative AI tools for writing review reports or evaluating manuscripts is strictly prohibited.

The reason for this prohibition is to maintain the complete confidentiality of the manuscript and because the peer review process inherently requires critical thinking and human judgment, which lie outside the current capabilities of these tools.

Uploading manuscript content to these tools constitutes a clear breach of confidentiality.

Date of Update: This policy was formulated on August 24, 2025, and will be revised subsequently in accordance with technological developments and new guidelines.